The development of a nodule at the injection site is a known but rare adverse event following immunisation (AEFI). Nodules are defined as the presence of a palpable, firm, discrete or well-demarcated soft tissue lump at the site of immunisation in the absence of heat, erythema (redness) or signs of abscess.

Nodules can occur following any vaccine.  They usually present in the days or weeks following immunisation and are most often reported following vaccines given in infancy or childhood. A nodule can persist for weeks and sometimes months. They are usually asymptomatic but can be tender and/or itchy. They are often reported by parents to feel like a ‘pea’ size lump under the skin. They usually resolve spontaneously without treatment or investigation.

It is unclear what causes a nodule however, vaccine components (e.g. aluminium), local inflammatory reactions or immune-mediated responses have been implicated as possible contributing factors.

Very rarely, a nodule may persist and become symptomatic for the vaccinee (see rare or persisting subcutaneous nodules below).

Implications and considerations for future vaccines

It is recommended that future vaccines continue to be given according to the immunisation schedule. The history of, or presence of, a nodule is not a contraindication to future vaccines.

Ensure correct vaccine administration for both intramuscular and subcutaneous vaccines. Deep intramuscular (IM) injection for IM vaccines should be considered to minimise the risk of potential recurrence of a nodule. Where possible, avoid vaccination at a site of an existing nodule.

Rare or persisting subcutaneous nodules

Some nodules can become symptomatic and last for months or even years and are referred to as persisting subcutaneous nodules. Pruritus (itch) is the most concerning symptom that motivates parents to seek medical attention. Ongoing pruritus can alter the appearance of the skin leading to excoriation, hair growth and pigmentation changes. Intensified itching and a change in size of the nodule has been reported when a child is unwell with a viral infection or even following subsequent vaccinations given at a different anatomical site.

Treatment of persisting subcutaneous nodules

A conservative approach to treatment is recommended and is usually to provide symptomatic relief of pruritus. Any treatments would need to be provided following medical review and can include topical corticosteroids or dressings to protect the area from rigorous scratching. Referral to a Specialist Immunisation Clinic should be considered for specialist consultation.

Any AEFI should be reported to the vaccine safety service in your state. In Victoria reports can be made to SAEFVIC.

Resources

Authors: Mel Addison (SAEFVIC Research Nurse, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute), Rachael McGuire (SAEFVIC Research Nurse, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute) and Georgina Lewis (Clinical Manager, SAEFVIC, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute)

Reviewed by: Mel Addison (SAEFVICResearch Nurse, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute)

Date: October 18, 2022

Materials in this section are updated as new information and vaccines become available. The Melbourne Vaccine Education Centre (MVEC) staff regularly reviews materials for accuracy.

You should not consider the information in this site to be specific, professional medical advice for your personal health or for your family’s personal health. For medical concerns, including decisions about vaccinations, medications and other treatments, you should always consult a healthcare professional.