{"id":15701,"date":"2022-07-07T09:57:39","date_gmt":"2022-07-06T23:57:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mvec.mcri.edu.au\/?post_type=references&p=15701"},"modified":"2024-10-16T10:47:49","modified_gmt":"2024-10-15T23:47:49","slug":"typhoid","status":"publish","type":"references","link":"https:\/\/mvec.mcri.edu.au\/zh\/references\/typhoid\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4f24\u5bd2"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/p>\n

What is it?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are <\/span>caused by <\/span>bacterial infections<\/span> with the <\/span><\/span>Salmonella enterica<\/span><\/span> subspecies <\/span>Typhi<\/span> and <\/span>Paratyphi<\/span> (<\/span>A, B and C<\/span>)<\/span>. C<\/span>ollectively<\/span>, typhoid and paratyphoid fever<\/span> are <\/span>known as enteric fever<\/span>.<\/span> Typhoid fever <\/span>presents<\/span> more commonly than paratyphoid <\/span>fever and<\/span> is associated with higher rates of severe complications and <\/span>poorer <\/span>outcomes.<\/span> T<\/span>he<\/span> similarities between t<\/span>yphoid and paratyphoid fever <\/span>make it difficult to <\/span>distinguish<\/span> between the two diseases<\/span> without diagnostic testing<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Enteric fever is different to <\/span>the gastroenteritis<\/span> that can be caused by <\/span>other <\/span><\/span>Salmonella<\/span> <\/span>bacteria<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

What to look for<\/strong><\/h2>\n

The incubation period of typhoid fever is usually 7<\/span> to <\/span>14 days <\/span>but<\/span> can range from 3<\/span> to <\/span>60 days<\/span>.<\/span> T<\/span>yphoid <\/span>and paratyphoid<\/span> fever <\/span>often present with prolonged fever and fatigue, headache, splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen), <\/span>abdominal symptoms <\/span>(<\/span>pain, lack of appetite, <\/span>constipation<\/span> or <\/span>diarrhoea<\/span>)<\/span> and <\/span>bacteraemia<\/span> (bacteria in the bloodstream). A rash appearing as small pink clusters on the skin known as \u2018rose spots\u2019 can be seen in up to 30% of individuals with enteric fever. In severe cases, complications can include septic shock, gastrointestinal bleeding with perforation, altered conscious state<\/span>. If left untreated, enteric fever can <\/span>be fatal<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

How is it transmitted?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Salmonella enterica<\/span><\/i> is transmitted via the faecal\u2013oral route and through ingestion of contaminated food and water sources. It is more common in developing countries with untreated drinking water and inadequate sanitation and food handling practices.<\/span><\/p>\n

Approximately 10% of people infected with S<\/span>almonella enterica<\/span><\/i> will excrete the bacteria for up to 3 months following acute infection. Approximately 1 in 20 infected individuals who do not receive treatment for typhoid fever will become an asymptomatic carrier of the disease.<\/span><\/p>\n

Epidemiology<\/h2>\n

Although it is not prevalent in Australia, typhoid is a common disease in many parts of the world, especially Asia, southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In Australia, 100 to 200 returned travellers are diagnosed with typhoid every year<\/span><\/p>\n

In 2019 it was estimated that 9 million cases of typhoid occur globally each year, resulting in 110,000 deaths. Children are disproportionately affected by infection.<\/span><\/p>\n

Prevention<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Prevention of <\/span>typhoid <\/span>fever<\/span> includes both vaccination and undertaking food and water precautions whilst travelling in developing countries where typhoid is endemic.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Food and water precautions<\/h3>\n

Travellers should maintain the following precautions to limit exposure to infections:<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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  • undertake effective hand washing practices<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  • drink bottled or boiled water<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  • avoid ice <\/span>ice unless it is made from safe water<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  • ensure food is properly cooked<\/span><\/li>\n
  • avoid raw milk and products made from raw milk<\/span><\/li>\n
  • w<\/span>ash fruits and vegetables carefully, particularly if they are eaten raw<\/span><\/li>\n
  • when<\/span> possible, <\/span>peel <\/span>vegetables and fruits<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Vaccines<\/h3>\n

    There are 2 vaccines available in Australia for protection against typhoid fever:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t

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