{"id":16560,"date":"2022-09-20T12:32:29","date_gmt":"2022-09-20T02:32:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mvec.mcri.edu.au\/?post_type=references&p=16560"},"modified":"2023-07-04T08:51:39","modified_gmt":"2023-07-03T22:51:39","slug":"polio","status":"publish","type":"references","link":"https:\/\/mvec.mcri.edu.au\/zh\/references\/polio\/","title":{"rendered":"\u810a\u9ad3\u7070\u8d28\u708e"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/p>\n

\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6d41\u884c\u6027\u611f\u5192\uff1f<\/h2>\n

\u810a\u9ad3\u7070\u8d28\u708e\uff08\u810a\u9ad3\u7070\u8d28\u708e\uff09\u662f\u7531 3 \u79cd\u810a\u9ad3\u7070\u8d28\u708e\u75c5\u6bd2\uff08\u8840\u6e05\u578b 1\u30012 \u6216 3\uff09\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u80c3\u80a0\u9053\uff08\u80a0\u9053\uff09\u611f\u67d3\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u810a\u9ad3\u7070\u8d28\u708e\u75c5\u6bd2\u662f RNA \u80a0\u9053\u75c5\u6bd2\uff0c\u6765\u81ea \u5c0f\u6838\u7cd6\u6838\u9178\u75c5\u6bd2\u79d1<\/em> \u5bb6\u5ead\u3002<\/p>\n

Once an individual is infected, the poliovirus replicates in the gut and enters the bloodstream via lymphoid tissue where it can then cause symptoms in the central nervous system.<\/p>\n

\u6d41\u611f\u75c7\u72b6<\/h2>\n

Approximately 70% of polio infections are asymptomatic or present as a non-specific febrile illness. In symptomatic cases an individual may experience fever, headache, gastrointestinal disturbance (nausea and vomiting) or malaise. In severe infections muscle pain and stiffness of the neck and back can occur.<\/p>\n

Paralysis typically presents asymmetrically and can be life threatening when the respiratory and swallowing muscles are affected. The extent of paralysis is usually seen within 3-4 days of symptom onset and any existing paralysis present after 60 days is likely to be permanent. It is estimated that flaccid paralysis occurs in less than 1 percent of all polio cases.<\/p>\n

A recurrence of muscle weakness in the years after an initial polio infection is known as post-polio syndrome. It is attributed to a progressive loss or dysfunction of motor neurons as opposed to a persistent or reactivated infection.<\/p>\n

\u7ed3\u6838\u75c5\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\uff1f<\/h2>\n

Wild polio is transmitted through contact with the faeces or saliva of an infected person and is most often associated with conditions of poor sanitation.<\/p>\n

The incubation period of polio is 3-35 days, with a person infectious during the 7-10 days prior to the onset of symptoms. Following acute infection, a person can continue to excrete the polio virus for up to 6 weeks in their faeces, or 2 weeks in saliva.<\/p>\n

\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u5b66<\/h2>\n

Polio infection predominantly occurs in children with the greatest burden of disease affecting those less than 5 years of age (80-90% of cases).<\/p>\n

Global vaccination programs and high rates of immunisation have shown great success with the near eradication of wild polio worldwide. A total of 350,000 infections were reported in 1988 across 125 countries and in 2021 this was reduced down to 6 reported cases across countries including Pakistan and Afghanistan. The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly impacted these vaccination programs and since 2022 a resurgence of case across many countries (including the United States and the UK) have been reported, largely in pockets of unimmunised communities.<\/p>\n

\u9884\u9632<\/h2>\n

Vaccination remains the most effective measure in disease prevention with protection available in Australia through the administration of a course of inactivated vaccines. Polio vaccination is funded on the National Immunisation Program (NIP) as a combination vaccine for children at:<\/p>\n