黄热病

什么是流行性感冒？

Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic 疾病 (a disease causing excessive internal bleeding) which can be transmitted to humans via the bites 的 mosquitos infected with yellow fever virus (YFV).

要找什么？

The incubation period of yellow fever is 3 to 6 days. The initial signs and symptoms are generally non-specific and include fever, chills, myalgia (muscle pain), fatigue, and nausea or vomiting. Symptoms usually resolve within 3 to 4 days. 

Approximately 15–25% of cases will enter a second, more toxic phase within 24 hours after recovering from initial symptoms. This phase presents with a return of high fevers and vomiting, with epigastric pain, jaundice (the reason for the name ‘yellow fever’), multi-organ failure and haemorrhage. Bleeding can occur from the mouth, nose, eyes or stomach. 

20–25% of severe cases result in death 7 to 10 days after the onset of the toxic second phase. 

结核病是如何传播的？

In jungle or forest settings, YFV is transmitted from non-human primates (e.g. monkeys) to humans via mosquito bites. After a mosquito bites an infected monkey, it can transmit the virus to humans. 

In urban settings, YFV can be transmitted between humans via mosquito bites. After a mosquito bites an infected person, it can transmit the virus to other people. 

Aedes 和 Haemagogus mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of YFV. They are day-biting and can breed around houses in urban settings and in forest or jungle settings. 

流行病学

Yellow 发烧 occurs in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, the Caribbean and Central/South America. Disease risk depends on the time of year, duration of travel and degree of mosquito exposure. 

预防措施

Preventing mosquito bites with physical barriers is an important way 的 avoiding infection with YFV. Vaccines are also available to prevent disease. Vaccination is mandatory for travel to and from some areas. 

物理障碍

Exposure to mosquito bites can be prevented in a number of ways, including: 

• 在户外时穿着长而宽松的衣服 
• 使用含有派卡瑞丁或避蚊胺的驱蚊剂 
• 如果蚊子很多，限制户外活动 
• 使用苍蝇喷雾剂、蚊香和插入式驱虫装置 
• 如果您的窗户上没有飞线纱窗或睡在未经处理的帐篷/户外，请睡在经过杀虫剂处理的蚊帐下。  

疫苗

Stamaril is the only yellow fever vaccine registered for use in Australia. A single dose provides life-long protection. Yellow fever vaccination is not available on the National Immunisation Program (NIP) and is only to be administered in Australia as a travel vaccine by 经认可的黄热病疫苗接种中心. 

经认可的黄热病疫苗接种中心将为疫苗接种者提供 International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis as proof of vaccination. All travellers entering Australia who have been in a declared 黄热病感染国家 抵达澳大利亚后 6 天内必须出示疫苗接种证明。如果您前往受黄热病感染的国家旅行，强烈建议您检查 黄热病入学要求 为了 全部 旅行前您打算进入的国家/地区。 

Prior infection with YFV will infer lifelong immunity. Infants born to immune mothers may have some immunity for up to 6 months. 

疫苗的注意事项和禁忌症

Stamaril is a live-attenuated vaccine and is contraindicated in those who are: 

• anaphylactic to a previous dose of Stamaril 
• anaphylactic to a component of Stamaril 
• allergic or anaphylactic to eggs^
• 免疫功能低下 individuals 
• infants < 9 months of age
• have a history of thymus disorders
• 孕 women. ^ 

^Consider referral to a specialist immunisation clinic for individual discussion 

考虑免疫接种时应采取预防措施： 

• adults aged ≥ 60 years 
• breastfeeding women. 

副作用

Side effects from yellow fever vaccination are usually mild and occur within the first 5 days of vaccination and can last up to 2 weeks. Symptoms can include headache, myalgia and fever. 

In some cases, yellow fever–vaccine associated neurotropic disease (YF-AND) can occur. It is a rare but serious adverse event following immunisation (AEFI). It includes diagnoses such as meningoencephalitis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and bulbar palsy. 

Yellow fever–vaccine associated viscerotropic disease (YF-AVD) is rare and occurs in 3 to 4 cases per million doses of vaccine. It is characterised by multi-organ system failure and mimics natural yellow fever disease. Risk factors include older age and patients with a history of thymus disease. 

任何可疑的 AEFI 应报告给 赛维克. 

资源

• DHHS：黄热病疫苗接种中心
• 澳大利亚免疫手册：黄热病
• Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care: Yellow fever general fact sheet
• 世界卫生组织：黄热病