इन्फ्लुएंजा क्या है?

Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease (a disease causing excessive internal bleeding) which can be transmitted to humans via the bites का mosquitos infected with yellow fever virus (YFV).

किसकी तलाश है?

The incubation period of yellow fever is 3 to 6 days. The initial signs and symptoms are generally non-specific and include fever, chills, myalgia (muscle pain), fatigue, and nausea or vomiting. Symptoms usually resolve within 3 to 4 days. 

Approximately 15–25% of cases will enter a second, more toxic phase within 24 hours after recovering from initial symptoms. This phase presents with a return of high fevers and vomiting, with epigastric pain, jaundice (the reason for the name ‘yellow fever’), multi-organ failure and haemorrhage. Bleeding can occur from the mouth, nose, eyes or stomach. 

20–25% of severe cases result in death 7 to 10 days after the onset of the toxic second phase. 

यह कैसे संचारित होता है?

In jungle or forest settings, YFV is transmitted from non-human primates (e.g. monkeys) to humans via mosquito bites. After a mosquito bites an infected monkey, it can transmit the virus to humans. 

In urban settings, YFV can be transmitted between humans via mosquito bites. After a mosquito bites an infected person, it can transmit the virus to other people. 

Aedes और Haemagogus mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of YFV. They are day-biting and can breed around houses in urban settings and in forest or jungle settings. 

एपिडेमियोलॉजी (महामारी विज्ञान)

Yellow बुखार occurs in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, the Caribbean and Central/South America. Disease risk depends on the time of year, duration of travel and degree of mosquito exposure. 

रोकथामं

पीreventing mosquito bites with physical barriers is an important way का avoiding infection with YFV. Vaccines are also available to prevent diseasइ. Vaccination is mandatory for travel to and from some areas. 

वास्तविक बाधाएं

Exposure to mosquito bites can be prevented in a number of ways, including: 

  • बाहर जाने पर लंबे, ढीले-ढाले कपड़े पहनना 
  • पिकारिडिन या डीईईटी युक्त मच्छर निरोधकों का उपयोग करना 
  • यदि बहुत सारे मच्छर हों तो बाहरी गतिविधियों को सीमित कर दें 
  • फ्लाई स्प्रे, मच्छर कॉइल और प्लग-इन प्रतिरोधी उपकरणों का उपयोग करना 
  • यदि आपकी खिड़कियों पर फ्लाईवायर स्क्रीन नहीं है या आप किसी उपचारित तंबू में/बाहर खुले में सो रहे हैं, तो कीटनाशकों से उपचारित मच्छरदानी के नीचे सोएं।  

टीके

Stamaril is the only yellow fever vaccine registered for use in Australia. A single dose provides life-long protection. Yellow fever vaccination is not available on the National Immunisation Program (NIP) and is only to be administered in Australia as a travel vaccine by accredited yellow fever vaccination centres. 

Accredited yellow fever vaccination centres will provide vaccine recipients with an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis as proof of vaccination. All travellers entering Australia who have been in a declared yellow fever infected country within 6 days of arrival to Australia must show proof of vaccination. If you are travelling to yellow fever infected countries, it is strongly recommended that you check the yellow fever entry requirements के लिए सभी the countries you intend to enter, prior to travel. 

Prior infection with YFV will infer lifelong immunity. Infants born to immune mothers may have some immunity for up to 6 months. 

Vaccine precautions and contraindications

Stamaril is a live-attenuated vaccine and is contraindicated in those who are: 

  • anaphylactic to a previous dose of Stamaril 
  • anaphylactic to a component of Stamaril 
  • allergic or anaphylactic to eggs^
  • immunocompromised individuals 
  • infants < 9 months of age
  • have a history of thymus disorders
  • गर्भवती women. ^ 

^Consider referral to a specialist immunisation clinic for individual discussion 

Precautions should be taken when considering immunisation of: 

दुष्प्रभाव

Side effects from yellow fever vaccination are usually mild and occur within the first 5 days of vaccination and can last up to 2 weeks. Symptoms can include headache, myalgia and fever. 

In some cases, yellow fever–vaccine associated neurotropic disease (YF-AND) can occur. It is a rare but serious adverse event following immunisation (AEFI). It includes diagnoses such as meningoencephalitis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and bulbar palsy. 

Yellow fever–vaccine associated viscerotropic disease (YF-AVD) is rare and occurs in 3 to 4 cases per million doses of vaccine. It is characterised by multi-organ system failure and mimics natural yellow fever disease. Risk factors include older age and patients with a history of thymus disease. 

Any suspected AEFI should be reported to सैफविक. 

संसाधन

लेखक: Rachael McGuire (SAEFVIC Research Nurse, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute) and Daniela Say (MVEC Immunisation Fellow, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute)

द्वारा समीक्षित: Rachael McGuire (MVEC Education Nurse Coordinator) and Georgie Lewis (SAEFVIC Clinical Manager, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute)

तारीख: अगस्त 24, 2023

नई जानकारी और टीके उपलब्ध होते ही इस अनुभाग की सामग्रियों को अद्यतन किया जाता है। मेलबर्न वैक्सीन एजुकेशन सेंटर (MVEC) कर्मचारी सटीकता के लिए नियमित रूप से सामग्रियों की समीक्षा करते हैं।

You should not consider the information on this site to be specific, professional medical advice for your personal health or for your family’s personal health. For medical concerns, including decisions about vaccinations, medications and other treatments, you should always consult a healthcare professional.