新冠肺炎

什么是流行性感冒？

COVID-19 disease is caused by infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus of which there are many different strains and subvariants.  

Since its emergence in 2019, COVID-19 disease has had vast impacts on society including a global pandemic. In addition to the public health implications, the economic, social and mental health effects have been and continue to be significant.   

要找什么？

Infections can be asymptomatic or can result in a spectrum of symptoms, from mild respiratory symptoms to more serious disease affecting multiple organs and systems. Severe disease can lead to hospitalisation, mechanical ventilation, and can be fatal.    

Common symptoms of acute infection include rhinorrhoea (runny nose), sneezing, headache, sore throat and fatigue. The symptoms of fever, loss of smell or taste and persisting cough were features comonly seen in infections with earlier variants (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta). 

Long COVID is a chronic condition that can occur following acute infection. It is the persistence of symptoms for greater than 3 months after an initial infection that cannot be attributed to other causes. Long COVID can have a huge impact on an individual’s quality of life, mental health and ability to participate in work or schooling. Long COVID is more common in people who have experienced severe COVID-19 disease, those who had underlying medical conditions prior to infection (e.g. hypertension, chronic lung disease, diabetes, obesity) and those who are unvaccinated.  

Paediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS), or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C), is a newly described condition that has been reported in children in the first 2-6 weeks after COVID-19 infection. It is an inflammatory condition, similar to 川崎病，并以皮疹、发烧、休克和腹痛为特征。患有 PIMS-TS 的儿童几乎总是需要住院治疗。

结核病是如何传播的？

COVID-19 is transmitted through the inhalation of virus particles made airborne when an infected person coughs, sneezes, breathes, speaks or sings. Droplets containing virus particles can contaminate surfaces and can be spread when a person touches these surfaces and then touches their nose, mouth or eyes. Poorly ventilated settings can also contribute to the spread of COVID-19 because aerosol particles can remain suspended in the air for several hours longer than in well-ventilated settings. 

The incubation period for the disease is 1 to 14 days, with most individuals displaying symptoms 3 days after being exposed. Individuals are most infectious in the 2 days before their symptoms begin and the early stages of their illness. People with asymptomatic disease can still infect others.   

流行病学

自2019年以来，超过 776 million infections have been reported worldwide contributing to more than 7 million deaths. True figures are likely to be much higher. Serosurveys indicate that by December 2022 more than two thirds of adult Australians had been infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Individuals with immunocompromise, advancing age (particularly > 70 years), obesity, respiratory conditions, heart disease, diabetes, renal disease, liver disease, neurological conditions and disability are more likely to experience severe symptoms if infected with SARS-CoV-2. Pregnancy in unvaccinated people is also recognised as a risk factor for developing severe disease; however, this risk has declined substantially with the emergence of newer variants (Omicron). 

Certain occupations, such as working in healthcare, increase likelihood of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and therefore infection.   

预防

Strategies to reduce risk of transmission of COVID-19 disease include standard precautions such as hand hygiene, wearing masks when remaining socially distant is not possible and ensuring indoor spaces have good ventilation.   

While natural infection does provide some immunity, it is not lifelong, and the emergence of newer strains contributes to repeat infections. 

Vaccination aims to reduce the severity of COVID-19 symptoms and the need for hospitalisation. There are 2 vaccine brands available for use within Australia:  

• Comirnaty (Pfizer) vaccine containing nucleoside-modified mRNA encoding the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2   
• Spikevax (Moderna) vaccine containing nucleoside-modified mRNA encoding the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2.   

As newer variants of 这 SARS-CoV-2 virus emerge,

Table 1: Vaccine brands and type available for use by age group

阴影框表示疫苗不适用于该年龄组。
✓ may be used in this age group.

初级课程

Immunocompetent people aged 5 years and over require a single dose of vaccine to complete their primary course.

People aged 6 months and over with 严重的免疫功能低下, and children aged 6 months to 4 years with increased risk of severe disease, require 2剂, 8 weeks apart. A 3rd dose may be considered based on individual circumstances.

Further doses

Following receipt of a primary course, recommendations for further doses vary depending on the age of the individual and their risk factors for severe disease.  

Table 2: 2024 recommendations for COVID-19 booster doses (adapted from ATAGI statement on the administration of COVID-19 vaccines in 2024)

shaded boxes indicate that vaccination is not recommended in this age group.

免疫接种的副作用

常见副作用 

Most side effects following COVID-19 vaccination are mild and can include pain at the injection site, fatigue, headache, lymphadenopathy and fever. 

罕见的副作用  

心肌炎（心肌发炎）和心包炎（心脏周围内膜发炎） are rare conditions that have been reported following administration of COVID-19 vaccines. They are most commonly associated with viral infections (including COVID-19 disease) but can also be triggered by other factors such as medications and autoimmune conditions. In the setting of vaccination, the peak risk group for myocarditis is young adult males aged between 16 and 24 years following a second dose of vaccination. Pericarditis occurring after vaccination is more common in the 20 to 45 year old age group for both males and females. 

血栓形成伴血小板减少症 (TTS) 是一种罕见病症，据报道发生在之前接种过 COVID-19 疫苗 Vaxzevria（阿斯利康）的人群中. Since March 2023, Vaxzevria is no longer available for use in Australia.

常见问题

资源

• MVEC：疫苗平台 
• MVEC：免疫抑制和疫苗
• MVEC: Allergy and vaccines
• 澳大利亚政府卫生和老年护理部：澳大利亚认可的国际COVID-19疫苗
• Australian Immunisation Handbook: COVID-19
• COVID-19 vaccination – Shared decision making guide for women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or planning pregnancy
• Raising Children Network: COVID-19 vaccination, pregnancy and brestfeeding