G Letter

什么是流行性感冒？

G6PD 缺乏症患者体内缺乏一种称为葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶 (G6PD) 的酶（化学物质）。这是一种遗传性疾病，主要发生在男性中。

如果没有 G6PD，红细胞在接触某些食物、感染、药物或化学物质时就会被破坏。红细胞过度分解会导致溶血性贫血（红细胞数量减少）、黄疸（皮肤或眼睛发黄）、呼吸急促和其他症状。

G6PD 是一种遗传性疾病，不能从一个人传染给另一个人。管理 G6PD 缺乏症包括避免可能引发该病症发作的食物和药物。

G6PD 缺乏症和疫苗

疫苗接种是预防 G6PD 缺乏症患者发生病毒和细菌感染潜在诱因的重要方法。疫苗尚未被确定为应避免的药物。 G6PD 缺乏症患者可以在社区环境中安全地进行免疫接种，无需额外监测。

G6PD 缺乏症和 COVID-19 疫苗

与常规疫苗一样，G6PD 缺乏症患者可以安全地接种 COVID-19 疫苗。临床试验和现实世界证据尚未发现有关 COVID-19 疫苗和 G6PD 缺乏症患者的任何具体问题。

没有证据表明 G6PD 缺乏症患者首选特定品牌的 COVID-19 疫苗接种。 

资源

• 院舍儿童健康资讯：G6PD
• Healthdirect：G6PD 缺乏症

 

背景

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is rare autoimmune condition (where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks itself) that results in damage to the peripheral nerves (specifically the myelin and sometimes the axon). In Australia it affects approximately one person per 100,000 each year, occurring more commonly in males. Incidence of GBS increases with increasing age.

GBS symptoms include muscle weakness, altered sensation, numbness and paralysis. Symptoms usually start in the lower extremities and progress up the body over a few days or weeks. In severe cases, GBS can compromise the ability to speak, swallow and breath.

There is no known cure, and treatment involves intravenous immunoglobulin and supportive measures such as mechanical ventilation (if required). Most cases spontaneously recover, although this may take from 6 months to 2 years. Approximately 10–15% of people who have been diagnosed with GBS will have permanent disability.

GBS and vaccines

The cause of GBS is not entirely clear but is often triggered by a viral (e.g.

或者 新冠肺炎) or bacterial (e.g. campylobacter) infection, usually occurring 1 to 3 weeks prior to symptoms developing. Very rarely, GBS has been reported in people who have recently received certain vaccines. However, evidence demonstrates that this occurs at a much lower rate compared to GBS following an infection.

流行性感冒

年度的

vaccination is funded on the 国家免疫计划（NIP） for specific populations (including all children aged 6 months to < 5 years, 孕妇, 澳大利亚原住民 from 6 months of age, adults from 65 years, and people of any age with specified medical conditions). Anyone else over 6 months of age wishing to be protected can receive vaccination at cost.

It is estimated that vaccination against influenza can result in one case of GBS per 1 million doses of vaccine administered. However, the risk of GBS occurring post influenza infection is approximately 15 times higher than this.

Herpes zoster (shingles)

Vaccination against 带状疱疹 is funded on the NIP as a 2-dose course for 免疫功能低下 adults aged 18 and over, First Nations adults from 50 years of age and all other adults from 65 years.

Global post-marketing surveillance suggests that dose 1 of Shingrix can be attributed as the cause of six cases of GBS per one million doses of vaccine administered in people aged over 65 years. The evidence does not show an increased risk of developing GBS following the second dose of Shingrix. Zostavax (a previously available vaccine for herpes zoster) was not linked to GBS. 

There is some evidence to suggest that GBS is also triggered following herpes zoster reactivation (shingles disease).

呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）

这 RSV vaccine Abrysvo is funded on the NIP for 孕妇 from 28 weeks’ gestation. The RSV vaccine Arexvy is funded (as of 15 May 2026) on the NIP for older adults aged ≥ 75 years and First Nations adults aged ≥ 60 years. It is also recommended, but not funded, for adults aged 60 to 74 years with specified medical conditions.

Vaccine safety surveillance data shows an increased risk of developing GBS following receipt of RSV vaccination in adults aged 60 years and over, with rates varying internationally. There is no evidence to suggest an increased risk for those aged under 60 years and therefore there is no concern for the administration of Abrysvo in pregnant people although vaccine safety monitoring continues. Given the potential severity of RSV infection in older adults and rare risk of GBS, the benefits of RSV vaccination far outweigh potential risks.

新冠肺炎

初级课程 新冠肺炎 vaccination is recommended for all adults. Booster doses are recommended for specific populations every 6 to 12 months based on individual risk factors for severe disease.   

The mRNA COVID-19 vaccines (Pfizer or Moderna) have not been associated with the development of GBS. GBS has been reported to occur both in people who had received the COVID-19 vaccine Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) and in people who have recently had a COVID-19 infection. Since March 2023, Vaxzevria is no longer available for use in Australia.  

建议

For people who have previously been diagnosed with GBS, regardless of the trigger, the risk of relapse is low.

Where a person develops GBS within 6 weeks of receiving a vaccine, a report should be made to the adverse event reporting service in your jurisdiction. In general, future doses of that vaccine/s should be avoided, but there is no need to avoid other vaccines. Consultation with an immunisation specialist/neurologist may be helpful to determine the risks vs benefits of vaccination.

Individuals who develop GBS more than 6 weeks following a vaccine, or unrelated to a vaccine, can safely receive all future vaccines recommended to them.

资源

• AusVaxSafety Clinical Resources: Approach to influenza vaccination in patients with a history of Guillain–Barré Syndrome
• 澳大利亚免疫手册：流感章节
• Better Health Channel: Guillain–Barré Syndrome
• TGA: Shingrix vaccine and very rare risk of Guillain–Barré Syndrome
• TGA: Updated warnings for Respiratory Syncytial Virus vaccines Arexvy and Abrysvo