什么是流行性感冒？
脑膜炎球菌病构成由细菌引起的任何疾病 脑膜炎奈瑟菌。 There are 13 known subtypes (serogroups) and of these, 5 are currently vaccine preventable (B and A, C, W, Y).
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) can cause meningitis (inflammation of the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord) and septicaemia (infection in the blood), as well as other infections like pneumonia (lung infection), arthritis (inflammation of the joints) and conjunctivitis (eye infection). Mortality (death) can be as high as 5–10% with permanent lifelong complications occurring in 10–20% of those who survive.
流感症状
The incubation period of meningococcal is 1 to 7 days, more commonly 3 to 4 days. People with meningococcal disease can become extremely unwell very quickly. Symptoms can include fever, headache, neck stiffness, nausea, vomiting and photophobia (sensitivity to light). Cool, mottled extremities and leg pain can also occur. Babies can appear irritable or unsettled, have a high-pitched moaning cry, refuse or not wake for feeds and be lethargic (sleepy) or floppy. A petechial or purpuric rash can appear late in the disease progression (within 13 to 22 hours) or not at all.
结核病是如何传播的？
Disease can be transmitted from person to person via respiratory droplets (e.g. sneezing and coughing). Meningococcal bacteria can also live harmlessly at the back of the nose or throat, resulting in individuals being asymptomatic carriers.
流行病学
Children under 2 years of age have the highest incidence of meningococcal disease in Australia, with another peak of disease among adolescents and young adults (15–24 years). 原住民和托雷斯海峡岛民 人的疾病负担比非土著人大得多。
还有某些医疗条件和药物会增加个人患 IMD 的风险。这些包括（但不限于）那些具有功能的 无脾和脾功能减退， complement deficiency and those receiving treatment with eculizamab (see below for specific information for those with increased risk of IMD).
预防
MVEC strongly recommends everyone wishing to be protected against ACWY and B strains of meningococcal disease be immunised. Some individuals are eligible for funded vaccines via the 国家免疫计划（NIP）. Those aged 6 weeks of age and older who do not meet the funding criteria can purchase vaccines privately through some 市政会、全科医生和 药房自行购买疫苗。.
推荐的疫苗剂量取决于一个人的年龄和 IMD 的风险因素。
脑膜炎球菌 ACWY 疫苗
There are 3 conjugate meningococcal ACWY vaccines available:
- Nimenrix
- MenQuadfi
- Menveo
Nimenrix is currently provided for free on the NIP for children 12 months of age (single dose) and for people of any age with specified medical risk factors, for example, 免疫抑制 (see below for number of doses recommended). Adolescents in Year 10 (or age equivalent) and those aged 15 to 19 years on a catch-up schedule are funded to receive MenQuadfi.
健康个体的脑膜炎球菌 ACWY 初级疗程和加强剂量
初级课程
WordPress Tables Plugin疫苗品牌 课程开始于 6 周至 ≤ 5 个月大 课程开始于 6 个月至 ≤ 11 个月大 课程开始于 12 个月至 ≤ 23 个月大 课程开始于 ≥ 2 岁 Nimenrix* 3 doses (minimum 8 weeks between 1st and 2nd doses; 3rd dose given at ≥ 12 months of age/8 weeks after 2nd dose, whichever is later)^ 2 doses (2nd dose at ≥ 12 months of age/8 weeks after 1st dose, whichever is later)^ 1 dose^# 1 dose^# MenQuadfi* 不适用 不适用 1 dose^# 1 dose^# Menveo* 3 doses (minimum 8 weeks between 1st and 2nd doses; 3rd dose given at ≥ 12 months of age/8 weeks after 2nd dose, whichever is later)^ 2 doses (2nd dose at ≥ 12 months of age/8 weeks after 1st dose, whichever is later)^ 2 doses (minimum 8 weeks apart)^# 1剂# * there is no registered upper age limit for the use of Nimenrix, MenQuadfi or Menveo.
^ completing the course with the same vaccine brand is preferred but may not always be practical. The NIP funded 12-month dose of Nimenrix may be used as the dose given at ≥ 12 months of age to complete a course.
N/A- 不推荐这个年龄段的人使用。
# MenQuadfi is funded on the NIP for Year 10 students (or age equivalent), and those completing catch-up aged 15-19.加强剂量
Further booster doses are not routinely recommended for healthy individuals. In circumstances where someone has previously received a primary course of meningococcal ACWY and is offered a further dose in year 10 in line with the NIP, it is acceptable to receive this dose.
针对 IMD 风险增加的人群的脑膜炎球菌 ACWY 初级疗程和加强剂量
建议并资助患有增加 IMD 风险的特定医疗条件的个人接受额外的脑膜炎球菌疫苗和加强剂量。这些群体包括：
- 补体成分缺陷或缺乏（包括 H 因子、D 因子或备解素缺乏症）的人，
- 那些目前正在接受或计划接受依库珠单抗（或生物仿制药）治疗的人，
- 患有功能性或解剖性无脾症（包括镰状细胞病或血红蛋白病以及先天性或获得性无脾症）的人，
- 任何 HIV 感染者（无论疾病阶段或 CD4+ 细胞计数如何），
- 之前接受过造血干细胞移植 (HSCT) 的任何人。
初级课程
WordPress Tables Plugin疫苗品牌 课程开始于 6 周至 ≤ 5 个月大 课程开始于 6 个月至 ≤ 11 个月大 课程开始于 ≥ 12 月龄 Nimenrix* 4 doses (minimum 8 weeks apart, with the 4th dose given at ≥ 12 months of age/more than 8 weeks after the 3rd dose, whichever is later)^ 3 doses (minimum 8 weeks apart, with the 3rd dose given at ≥ 12 months of age/8 weeks after 2nd dose, whichever is later)^ 2 doses (minimum 8 weeks apart)^# MenQuadfi* 不适用 不适用 2 doses (minimum 8 weeks apart)^# Menveo* 4 doses (minimum 8 weeks apart, with the 4th dose given at ≥ 12 months of age/more than 8 weeks after the 3rd dose, whichever is later)^ 3 doses (minimum 8 weeks apart, with the 3rd dose given at ≥ 12 months of age/8 weeks after 2nd dose, whichever is later)^ 2 doses (minimum 8 weeks apart)^# * there is no registered upper age limit for the use of Nimenrix, MenQuadfi or Menveo.
^ completing the course with the same vaccine brand is preferred but may not always be practical. The NIP funded 12-month dose of Nimenrix may be used as the dose given at ≥ 12 months of age to complete a course.
N/A- 不推荐这个年龄段的人使用。
# MenQuadfi is funded on the NIP as a single for Year 10 students (or age equivalent), and those completing catch-up aged 15-19. However, only Nimenrix is funded on the NIP as a course of vaccination for those with specified medical risk factors.加强剂量
WordPress Tables PluginVaccine brand*^ 小学课程在 ≤ 6 岁时完成 初级课程在 ≥ 7 岁时完成 Nimenrix/ MenQuadfi /Menveo 在完成初级课程后 3 年给予加强剂量，然后每 5 年进一步加强剂量 完成初级课程后每 5 年进行一次加强剂量 * there is no registered upper age limit for the use of Nimenrix, MenQuadfi or Menveo.
^ regardless of the brand used for completing a primary course, there is no preference for using either Nimenrix, MenQuadfi or Menveo as a booster dose. However, only Nimenrix is funded on the NIP for people requiring meningococcal ACWY vaccination due to medical risk factors.
B 型脑膜炎球菌疫苗
Bexsero is the only meningococcal B vaccine available in Australia. It is funded on the NIP for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children under 2 years of age, as well as some individuals of any age with immunocompromising conditions. Other individuals who wish to be protected can purchase vaccines.
Trumenba was previously available as an alternate meningococcal B vaccine for individuals aged 10 years and older. Trumenba and Bexsero are not interchangeable; therefore, anyone who commenced a primary course of Trumenba but did not complete it should begin their primary course again using Bexsero. For more information refer to The Australian Immmunisation Handbook: meningococcal, interchangeability of meningococcal vaccines.
扑热息痛建议
It is widely recognised that children receiving Bexsero are more likely to experience 发烧 following vaccination. It is for this reason that children under 4 years of age are recommended to receive prophylactic paracetamol (15mg/kg per dose) 30 minutes prior to vaccination (or as soon as possible after), as well as 2 subsequent doses (4–6 hours apart) to reduce the likelihood and severity of fever. This should be administered regardless of whether the child is experiencing a fever or not.
健康个体的 B 型脑膜炎球菌初级疗程和加强剂量
初级课程
WordPress Tables Plugin疫苗品牌 课程开始于 6 周至 ≤ 11 月龄 课程开始于 ≥ 12 月龄 Bexsero* 3 doses (minimum 8 weeks between 1st and 2nd doses; 3rd dose at ≥ 12 months of age/more than 8 weeks after the 2nd dose, whichever is later)^# 2 doses (minimum 8 weeks apart)^# * Bexsero is registered for use in those 6 weeks of age and older.
^ prophylactic paracetamol is recommended to those < 4 years of age (参考上面的建议).
# funded on the NIP for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children < 2 years of age and those identified as medically at risk (see recommendations below for further information).加强剂量
对于健康个体，通常不推荐进一步加强剂量的 B 型脑膜炎球菌疫苗。
IMD 风险增加的人群的 B 型脑膜炎球菌初级疗程和加强剂量
建议并资助患有特定疾病并增加 IMD 风险的个人接种额外的 B 型脑膜炎球菌疫苗。从 2022 年 12 月开始，继 NCIRS 主导的 GRADE 审查 的证据， 安泰 批准了对澳大利亚免疫手册建议的更新，其中现在包括 B 型脑膜炎球菌疫苗的加强剂量。
符合条件的个人包括：
- 补体成分缺陷或缺乏（包括 H 因子、D 因子或备解素缺乏症）的人，
- 那些目前正在接受或计划接受依库珠单抗（或生物仿制药）治疗的人，
- 患有功能性或解剖性无脾症（包括镰状细胞病或血红蛋白病以及先天性或获得性无脾症）的人，
- 任何 HIV 感染者（无论疾病阶段或 CD4+ 细胞计数如何），
- 之前接受过造血干细胞移植 (HSCT) 的任何人。
MVEC 强烈鼓励对符合这些标准的个人进行积极跟进，以确保根据更新的指南实施适当的疫苗接种计划和他们推荐的加强剂量，以最佳地保护弱势患者。
初级课程
WordPress Tables Plugin疫苗品牌 课程开始于 6 周至 ≤ 5 个月大 课程开始于 6 个月至 ≤ 11 个月大 Course commenced at ≥ 12 months Bexsero* 4 doses (minimum 8 weeks apart, with the 4th dose given at ≥ 12 months of age/more than 8 weeks after the 3rd dose, whichever is later)^ 3 doses (minimum 8 weeks apart, with the 3rd dose given at ≥ 12 months of age/8 weeks after 2nd dose, whichever is later)^ 2 doses (minimum 8 weeks apart)^ * Bexsero is registered for use in those 6 weeks of age and older.
^ prophylactic paracetamol is recommended to those < 4 years of age (参考上面的建议).加强剂量
WordPress Tables Plugin疫苗品牌 小学课程在 ≤ 6 岁时完成 初级课程在 ≥ 7 岁时完成 Bexsero* 完成初级课程后 3 年给予单次加强剂量 完成初级课程后 5 年给予单次加强剂量 * Bexsero is registered for use in those 6 weeks of age and older.
资源
作者： Rachael McGuire（MVEC 教育护士协调员）、Georgina Lewis（默多克儿童研究所 SAEFVIC 临床护士经理）和 Nigel Crawford（默多克儿童研究所 SAEFVIC 主任）
审阅者：Rachael McGuire（MVEC教育护士协调员）
日期： December 2024
本章节内的材料将随着新信息和新疫苗的出现而进行更新。墨尔本疫苗教育中心（MVEC）职员定期审阅材料的准确性。
本站点的信息并非针对你个人健康或你家人个人健康的特定、专业的医疗建议。对于医疗方面的问题，包括有关免疫接种、药物治疗和其他治疗的决定，你务必咨询医疗保健专业人士。