एक पत्र

पृष्ठभूमि 

Autism, also referred to as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition which can affect an individual’s communication, motor skills, sensory and information processing, strengths and interests, and interpersonal interactions. Autism is described as a spectrum because people present with diverse characteristics of varying complexity.

While signs may emerge early in life, formal diagnosis typically occurs in preschool or early school years, and sometimes later. In Australia, an estimated 1 in 100 people have autism.

There is no single cause of autism. Autism develops from a combination of genetic and non-genetic factors.

वैक्सीन की सिफ़ारिशें 

People with autism are recommended to be vaccinated according to the राष्ट्रीय टीकाकरण कार्यक्रम (NIP).  

If a

individual with autism है अन्य medical or lifestyle risk factors (e.g. chronic respiratory disease,

, occupational risk, travel plans), they may be recommended to receive अतिरिक्त

on the basis of these other risk factors.

Access 

Some people with autism can find vaccination challenging. They might experience fear associated with medical procedures, or anxiety due to sensory overwhelm or unfamiliar people and processes.

Remaining unvaccinated, however, leaves individuals at risk of vaccine-preventable diseases, which can lead to other invasive and stressful medical interventions or ongoing health complications.

Things to consider:

• smaller settings are usually quieter (large vaccination centres can be loud and busy, which may increase distress) 
• it may be helpful to prepare an individualised plan prior to vaccination (e.g. including distractions/coping tools) 
• being rushed can contribute to feelings of anxiety 
• stimming behaviours (e.g. rocking and flapping) can be self-soothing and should be supported.

Find out more about techniques to reduce anxiety on एमवीईसी: नीडल फोबिया. 

If immunisation in a community setting is not appropriate, referral to a specialist immunisation service may be warranted. Victoria has a Disability Liaison Officer (DLO) program. Email [email protected] to contact a DLO who can help with navigating the healthcare system and accessing safe, inclusive care.

आमतौर पर पूछे जाने वाले प्रश्न

संसाधन 

• Raising Children Network: Autism
• Amaze 
• Amaze Information sheet: Engaging with vaccine hesitancy in autistic children and young people
• Amaze Information sheet: Supporting autistic people to get a COVID-19 vaccination
• RCH Clinical Practice Guideline – Autism and Developmental Disability: Management of distress/agitation
• Guideline for Immunisation Practices in Schools for Students with Disabilities
• एमवीईसी: नीडल फोबिया
• MVEC: Vaccine confidence

पृष्ठभूमि

An adverse event following immunisation (AEFI) is any untoward medical occurrence that happens following the administration of a vaccine. It can be coincidentally associated with immunisation, without necessarily being caused by the vaccine. Common side effects from vaccines are usually mild and short‑lasting. एसevere side effects are rare.

Monitoring vaccine safety during development और post‑licensure adverse event surveillance are important ways both to ensure safe vaccination programs and to maintain community confidence in vaccines.

AEFI‑CAN (Adverse Events Following Immunisation – Clinical Assessment Network) है a collaboration that extends importantly both to vaccine safety monitoring and को supporting individuals who may have experienceडी AEFIs.  A formal, clinical collaboration between Australia state‑ and territory‑based vaccine safety services (including adult and paediatric immunisation, and infectious disease and allergy specialists), AEFI can also includes representatives from the चिकित्सीय सामान प्रशासन (TGA), most state and territory health departments, and the immunisation branch of the Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care.

Purpose

As a national network, AEFI‑CAN works collaboratively to clinically assess and support individualएस who have experienced ए serious or unexpected AEFI. AEFI-कैन enables collaborators to investigate possible safety signals in real time.

The network is also involved in:

• मानकीकृत प्रोटोकॉल के निर्माण के साथ गंभीर और/या गंभीर एईएफआई के लिए एक सतत मजबूत राष्ट्रीय दृष्टिकोण विकसित करना 
• standardising AEFI and clinical follow-up reporting 
• enhancing community and health/vaccine provider knowledge and practice about AEFIs
• आवश्यकतानुसार स्वास्थ्य पेशेवरों को विशेषज्ञ सलाह प्रदान करना। 

AEFI‑CAN is a partner of the विशेष टीकाकरण सेवाओं का अंतर्राष्ट्रीय नेटवर्क (INSIS) and contributes to the coordinated international collaboration of vaccine safety surveillance systems.   

संसाधन

• MVEC: Development and registration of vaccines
• MVEC: International Network of Special Immunization Services (INSIS)
• International Network of Specialist Immunization Services (INSIS)
• SAEFVAC
• TGA: Vaccines
• एमवीईसी: ऑसवैक्ससेफ्टी
• एमवीईसी: प्रतिकूल घटना रिपोर्टिंग ऑस्ट्रेलिया

पृष्ठभूमि

The ऑस्ट्रेलियाई टीकाकरण रजिस्टर (एआईआर) is a ‘whole of life’ national database recording all vaccines administered in Australia. Information on vaccines given overseas can also be recorded.

Anyone who is enrolled in Medicare will automatically be registered with AIR. People who are living in Australia but not eligible for Medicare  should still have their vaccination records uploaded to AIR.

Reporting vaccine administration to AIR is mandatory. As well as current vaccinations, historical records from as early as 1996 can also be recorded. Only authorised immunisation providers with login credentials to the Health Professional Online Services (HPOS) or linked practice management software can record vaccines onto AIR.

2016 में, पहले से ज्ञात ऑस्ट्रेलियाई बचपन टीकाकरण रजिस्टर (एसीआईआर) का विस्तार संपूर्ण जीवन रजिस्टर में हो गया और इसे ऑस्ट्रेलियाई टीकाकरण रजिस्टर (एआईआर) के रूप में जाना जाने लगा। यह एक राष्ट्रीय रजिस्टर है जो सभी उम्र के सभी आस्ट्रेलियाई लोगों के टीकाकरण को दर्ज करता है।

Purpose

Comprehensive reporting of vaccine administration helps to track national vaccination coverage rates. This is important for informing public health policy and research into vaccine-preventable diseases.

By maintaining a record of vaccines administered, AIR also identifies when a person is due or overdue for vaccines according to the राष्ट्रीय टीकाकरण कार्यक्रम (NIP). 

Indicating if a vaccine recipient was pregnant at the time of vaccination is important for monitoring the safety and effectiveness of maternal vaccination programs. It also contributes to ascertaining the immunisation requirements of infants; for example, as part of the RSV Mother and Infant Protection Program (RSV-MIPP). 

Recorded information

Vaccine information recorded on the AIR includes:

• all vaccine doses administered
• the date of administration
• brand name
• route of administration
• batch number
• whether the vaccine was part of the NIP/commonwealth funded, antenatal program, privately funded, or state/territory funded.

Medical exemptions to vaccination (temporary or permanent) can also be recorded including contraindications such as anaphylaxis to a previous dose, significant immunocompromise, or natural immunity (hepatitis B, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella).

Any child who is not up to date with the NIP but is completing a catch-up schedule can have this noted on their AIR record. This will allow for some additional time for completion of vaccines before being marked as “overdue”.

Immunisation History Statements and subsidies

A child’s Immunisation History Statement (IHS) is generated from AIR. An IHS showing a child’s vaccinations as up to date is a requirement for enrolment into early childhood education and care services (including kindergarten and childcare) in Victoria (no jab, no play). It is the only accepted form of documentation. IHS can be accessed using a Medicare online account through myGov or through the Express Plus Medicare mobile app. Alternatively, copies may be obtained from any immunisation provider or via the AIR enquiries line.

Families accessing Family Tax Benefit Part A payments or childcare subsidies must also ensure that a child’s AIR record shows that their immunisations are up to date to ensure that payments are not paused or cancelled.

संसाधन

• ऑस्ट्रेलियाई सरकार का मानव सेवा विभाग: ऑस्ट्रेलियाई टीकाकरण रजिस्टर (एआईआर)
• ऑस्ट्रेलियाई सरकार का मानव सेवा विभाग: टीकाकरण प्रदाताओं के लिए एआईआर शिक्षा 
• Australian Government Department of Human Services: Australian Immunisation Register for health professionals 
• ऑस्ट्रेलियाई सरकार का मानव सेवा विभाग: टीकाकरण चिकित्सा छूट फॉर्म

पृष्ठभूमि

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, or First Nations Australians, have higher rates of some vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD) than non-Indigenous Australians. This is due to a variety of factors, including access barriers to health care and preventative care, higher burden of chronic medical conditions and social determinants such as overcrowding and socioeconomic factors. For this reason, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are prioritised for additional protection through the funding of further vaccines on the National Immunisation Program (NIP). 

Variations to recommendations for additional vaccines vary from state to state, based on local disease burden. In addition to this, individual immunisation providers (e.g. hospital immunisation services) may have varying approaches to additional vaccines; this should be clarified with the local health service.

Recommendations

All First Nations Australians are recommended to receive the same vaccines given to non-Indigenous Australians. Additional

prioritised के लिए First Nations Australians एre summarised in the table below. 

Table 1: NIP-funded vaccine priorities for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples 

* Refer to एमवीईसी: मेनिंगोकोकल for specific medical conditions and vaccination guidance.
^ Refer to एमवीईसी: न्यूमोकोकल for specific medical conditions and vaccination guidance.
# If Pneumovax 23 is inadvertently given before Prevenar 13 dose, wait 12 months before administering Prevenar 13.
Ω Shingrix vaccination is funded from 18 years of age for those with a history of haematopoietic stem cell transplant, ठोस अंग प्रत्यारोपण, blood cancer and advanced/untreated HIV).
shaded boxes indicate live-attenuated vaccines

Vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD) targeted through funding

Access

Easy एccess को vaccines है important. High vaccine coverage and being vaccinated on time are key को reducing the burden of many VPDs among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peopleएस.

All routine and additional immunisations can be administered via GP services, परिषदों, hospital immunisation services, some pharmacies and local Aboriginal Health Services.

Other considerations

Individuals may also benefit from other vaccines not previously mentioned on this page, depending on other factors, such as: 

• vaccination history 
• medical conditions
• sexual orientation
• proximity to local outbreaks
• travel plans
• occupational risk.

संसाधन

National

• Department of Health and Aged Care: Immunisation for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
• एनसीआईआरएस: आदिवासी और टोरेस स्ट्रेट आइलैंडर टीकाकरण
• HealthInfoNet
• NCIRS: Vaccination for Our Mob

राज्य

Vic

• विक्टोरियन आदिवासी स्वास्थ्य सेवाएँ
• Bunurong Aboriginal Health Service
• VACCHO (Victorian Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation)
• Better Health: Aboriginal health services
  

पृष्ठभूमि

An allergy is an abnormal immune response, a hypersensitivity, to a particular trigger or allergen. Examples of triggers/allergens include foods, mould, dust mites, pollen, insects and medications (including vaccines).

Hypersensitivity responses can vary in severity. Following a vaccine they can present as:

• urticarial – a red, itchy skin rash, often referred to as hives, that characteristically has a central raised white wheal surrounded by an area of redness
• non‑urticarial rash – skin changes that do not involve hives
• angioedema – swelling in the deeper layers of the skin
• generalised allergic reaction – involving symptoms like vomiting and diarrhoea
• anaphylaxis – a sudden onset and rapid progression of symptoms involving the skin, respiratory and/or cardiovascular systems.

Some hypersensitivity responses that occur following vaccination are common, and may not preclude future doses. Severe allergic reactions involving anaphylaxis, sometimes referred to as true allergies, are rare.

Diagnosis and treatment

Distinguishing anaphylaxis from acute stress responses (including vasovagal, i.e. fainting) is often difficult. However, there are distinct, subtle differences.

If symptoms of anaphylaxis occur, immediate treatment should be provided, refer to Australian Immunisation Handbook: Adverse events following immunisation.

Taking tryptase levels is recommended following potential allergic reactions as they assist with allergy assessment. Normal tryptase levels are reassuring. Tryptase levels are recommended 1 hour, 4 hours and 24 hours post‑reaction. However, if this is not possible, testing is recommended once an individual presents to an emergency department and is stable, and then just prior to discharge in the case of a short admission.

A true vaccine allergy (anaphylaxis), which will be a contraindication for future doses, can only be diagnosed after specialist consultation with a vaccine allergy specialist. A specialist will often determine a diagnosis after testing or a vaccine challenge is carried out under supervision.

Association and incidence

Suspected hypersensitivity responses, particularly non‑urticarial skin rashes following a vaccine, are common. However, confirmed allergy, where a person is contraindicated from being immunised with the same vaccine in the future, is rare (less than 1 case per million doses).

If a person experiences a hypersensitivity response following vaccination, it may be related to a specific vaccine or a component in a vaccine.

Eggs

Certain vaccines (e.g. some

vaccines, MMR/वी vaccines, पीला बुखार, Q fever) are manufactured using chicken eggs/tissue cultures.

The amount of residual ovalbumin (egg protein) found in influenza and MMR/V vaccines is not significant, and does not increase the risk of allergic reactions in those with egg allergy (even known egg anaphylaxis). People with egg allergy can receive influenza and MMR/V vaccines safely in community vaccination settings without the need for additional monitoring,

Due to the higher ovalbumin content in the yellow fever (Stamaril) and Q‑fever vaccines, administration is contraindicated in egg‑allergic individuals. However, due to the serious nature of the disease and some countries requiring proof of immunisation as an entry requirement, the Australian Immunisation Handbook recommends that people requiring these vaccines seek specialist input from an immunologist or allergist. Researchers from the National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS) and the Royal Children’s Hospital in Melbourne have published a मामले की श्रृंखला proposing that skin testing may not be required for patients with mild egg allergy, and that a 2‑step graded challenge under medical supervision is a safe alternative.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)

PEG is an ingredient commonly used in hand sanitisers, cosmetics, bathroom products and medications (including colonoscopy preparation products). It is also used in the manufacture of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines (Comirnaty (Pfizer) and Spikevax (Moderna)).

It is recommended that people with a history of confirmed or suspected allergy to PEG seek specialist advice from an immunology, allergy or vaccine specialist prior to vaccination. Administration of vaccines containing PEG to individuals with known anaphylaxis to PEG is contraindicated.

Gelatine

Gelatine is a protein product derived from collagen. It is also a stabilising agent used in the manufacture of some vaccines. The type of gelatine used in vaccines (usually porcine in origin) is different from the gelatine used in foods (usually bovine in origin) and is highly purified.

The incidence of anaphylaxis to gelatin is extremely low, and reactions may depend on whether the gelatine is ingested, injected (e.g. during vaccine administration) or used as an intraoperative hemostatic agent (e.g. surgical Gelfoam). Individuals with severe allergy to gelatine should seek expert advice before receiving any vaccine containing gelatine.

भविष्य की खुराक के लिए निहितार्थ

Confirmed anaphylaxis to a previous dose of a vaccine and/or confirmed anaphylaxis to a component of a vaccine is a contraindication for future administration.

See sections above for future dose implications relating to suspected or known egg, PEG and gelatine allergies.

Any suspected immunisation hypersensitivity or allergic responses following vaccination should be reported to the adverse event reporting service in your jurisdiction.

आमतौर पर पूछे जाने वाले प्रश्न

संसाधन

• Australian Immunisation Handbook: Table. Components of immunisation products used in Australia
• Australian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy: ASCIA Guidelines – Vaccination of the egg‑allergic individual
• Victorian Department of Health: Guidance for differentiating anaphylaxis from acute stress response for vaccine providers and Emergency Departments
• Leong P, Al-Harrasi M, Carr B, Leahy E, Bardin PG, Barnes S. Vocal cord dysfunction/inducible laryngeal obstruction(s) mimicking anaphylaxis during SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccination. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10(5):1380-1381. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2022.02.025
• Gold MS, Amarasinghe A, Greenhawt M, et al. Anaphylaxis: Revision of the Brighton collaboration case definition. टीका. 2023;41(15):2605-2614. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.027
• Australian Immunisation Handbook: Adverse events following immunisation

पृष्ठभूमि

An adverse event following immunisation (AEFI) is any untoward medical occurrence that happens following the administration of a vaccine. It can be coincidentally associated with immunisation, without necessarily being caused by the vaccine. ए vaccine error is also considered an AEFI and may be related to the way a vaccine was stored, prepared or administered.  

Common side effects from vaccines are usually mild and short‑lasting. Severe side effects are rare. A list of common vaccine side effects can be found in The Australian Immunisation Handbook: Table: Common side effects following immunisation for vaccines used in the National Immunisation Program schedule.

Purpose

Monitoring vaccine safety during development and through post‑licensure adverse event surveillance are important ways both to ensure safe vaccination programs and to maintain community confidence in vaccines. 

Post-licensure monitoring is conducted via a number of different mechanisms. One of which is through reporting AEFI to jurisdictional and national authorities. Reporting AEFI allows the rapid investigation of any potential vaccine or system problem and ensures vaccinees get timely medical advice and support.  

Making a report

Any vaccinated individual, parent/guardian, immunisation provider or treating medical practitioner can report an AEFI. In some states and territories, healthcare professionals have a statutory responsibility to report significant or serious AEFIs. 

AEFI reports should be made to authorities in the jurisdiction where the vaccine was administered.

It is important to note that the above services do not provide emergency care and are reporting services only.

यदि आपको चिकित्सा सहायता की आवश्यकता है तो कृपया अपने जीपी, स्थानीय आपातकालीन विभाग से मिलें या तत्काल सहायता की आवश्यकता होने पर 000 डायल करें।

संसाधन

• • MVEC: Allergy and immunisation
  • MVEC: Febrile seizures and vaccines
  • MVEC: Guillain–Barré syndrome
  • एमवीईसी: हाइपोटोनिक-हाइपोरेस्पॉन्सिव एपिसोड (एचएचई)
  • एमवीईसी: मैंdentifying AEFI in diverse skin colour
  • एमवीईसी: इम्यून थ्रोम्बोसाइटोपेनिया (आईटीपी)
  • एमवीईसी: इंजेक्शन साइट नोड्यूल
  • MVEC: Shoulder Injury related to vaccine administration (SIRVA)
  • एमवीईसी: वैक्सीन से जुड़ी बढ़ी हुई बीमारी (वीएईडी)

टीकाकरण पर ऑस्ट्रेलियाई तकनीकी सलाहकार समूह (एटीएजीआई) टीकाकरण ऑस्ट्रेलिया कार्यक्रम और अन्य संबंधित मुद्दों पर स्वास्थ्य मंत्री को स्वतंत्र सलाह प्रदान करता है।

तकनीकी विशेषज्ञों के अलावा, ATAGI की सदस्यता में एक उपभोक्ता प्रतिनिधि और सामान्य चिकित्सक शामिल हैं।

टीकाकरण पर ऑस्ट्रेलियाई तकनीकी सलाहकार समूह के संदर्भ की शर्तें इस प्रकार हैं:

• ऑस्ट्रेलिया में उपलब्ध टीकों के चिकित्सा प्रशासन पर स्वास्थ्य मंत्री को तकनीकी सलाह प्रदान करें, जिसमें वे भी शामिल हैं राष्ट्रीय टीकाकरण कार्यक्रम (NIP)
• विभाग के माध्यम से, वर्तमान टीकाकरण अनुसंधान की स्थिति और उन क्षेत्रों के संबंध में अनुसंधान निधि निकायों को सलाह प्रदान करें जहां अतिरिक्त अनुसंधान की आवश्यकता है
• ऑस्ट्रेलियाई आबादी में उनकी प्रभावशीलता और उपयोग के संबंध में मौजूदा, नए और उभरते टीकों से संबंधित साक्ष्य की मौजूदा ताकत से संबंधित मामलों पर फार्मास्युटिकल लाभ सलाहकार समिति (पीबीएसी) को सलाह देना
• इसे तैयार करने के लिए संबंधित संगठनों से परामर्श करें ऑस्ट्रेलियाई टीकाकरण पुस्तिका 
• ऑस्ट्रेलियाई टीकाकरण हैंडबुक और संबंधित कार्यान्वयन रणनीतियों की सामग्री और प्रारूप पर राष्ट्रीय टीकाकरण समिति (एनआईसी) से परामर्श करें
• टीकाकरण नीतियों, प्रक्रियाओं और टीका सुरक्षा के कार्यान्वयन से संबंधित मामलों पर संचारी रोग नेटवर्क ऑस्ट्रेलिया (सीडीएनए) और टीके पर सलाहकार समिति (एसीवी) से परामर्श करें।
• COVID-19 टीकाकरण कार्यक्रमों और नीतियों पर सलाह प्रदान करें, ताकि COVID-19 टीकों में विश्वास बढ़ाया जा सके और ऑस्ट्रेलिया में उपलब्ध होने पर COVID-19 टीकों तक समान पहुंच सुनिश्चित की जा सके।

ATAGI नियमित रूप से बैठक करता है और बैठकों के महत्वपूर्ण परिणामों का विवरण देते हुए बुलेटिन प्रदान करता है। ये बुलेटिन, COVID-19 टीकाकरण विवरण और साप्ताहिक अपडेट इसके माध्यम से उपलब्ध हैं एटीएजीआई वेबसाइट.

टीका पीबीएसी परिणाम सार्वजनिक रूप से भी उपलब्ध हैं।

संसाधन

• अतगी 
• पीबीएसी परिणाम
• टीकों पर सलाहकार समिति
• संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में रोग नियंत्रण और रोकथाम केंद्र (सीडीसी) में टीकाकरण प्रथाओं (एसीआईपी) पर सलाहकार समिति - बैठकें और विचार-विमर्श दस्तावेज़
• ATAGI Clinical guidance for COVID-19 vaccine providers