POTS (hội chứng nhịp tim nhanh tư thế) và tiêm chủng
Lý lịch
Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a syndrome where individuals experience a cluster of symptoms including an inappropriate level of tachycardia (rapid heartbeat) upon standing. The condition is more common in females, especially adolescents and young adults. There can be a number of associated symptoms, including dizziness, weakness, vision changes, difficulty concentrating, sleep disturbances or nausea.
Although the pathophysiology of POTS is yet to be fully understood, it is thought to be due to an abnormal autonomic nervous system response. When changing positions from sitting to standing, gravity sends blood to the legs and pelvis activating the sympathetic (fight or flight) nervous system, releasing noradrenaline. This tightens bloods vessels in the lower body so that blood is moved back to the heart, slightly increasing the heart rate, usually all in under a second, keeping blood pressure and bloody supply to the brain stable. In individuals with POTS, this process does not work as well as it should and the brain compensates by increasing the heart rate.
POTS can have an impact on quality of life, with many people experiencing both physical symptoms as well as other effects on mood, cognition and sleep. However, most cases can be successfully managed with lifestyle modifications. Medications are only required in rare circumstances.
POTS and vaccines
A diagnosis of POTS is not a contraindication to receiving vaccinations. In fact, some cases of POTS are thought to occur following an acute infection, some of which are vaccine-preventable. Therefore it is important that any individual who has a diagnosis of, or is concerned about, POTS should receive all recommended vaccinations.
Vi rút u nhú ở người (HPV)
There have been concerns previously after a small number of case reports described POTS being diagnosed following human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. However, this has been thoroughly assessed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and after examining the data from more than 80 million doses of vaccines, no causal link has been established between HPV vaccines and POTS.
COVID-19
There has not been an established link between COVID-19 vaccines and an increased risk of developing POTS. In fact, there have been reports of POTS developing after COVID-19 infection and POTS has been recognised as a post-covid condition (colloquially known as long COVID). Therefore being vaccinated against COVID-19 is recommended for individuals concerned about developing this condition.
Summary
For individuals with a previous diagnosis of POTS who are concerned for a worsening of their condition after vaccination, it is important to consider that most vaccine side effects are mild and transient. Overall the benefits of vaccination are likely to far outweigh the risks. However, any concerns should be discussed with an individual’s treating healthcare practitioner.
Tài liệu
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute: Orthostatic intolerance
- CDC: Questions about HPV Vaccine Safety
- CDC: Evaluating and Caring for Patients with Post-COVID Conditions: Interim Guidance
- Immunologic Research: Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and other autonomic disorders after COVID-19 infection: a case series of 20 patients
Tác giả: Julia Smith (RCH Immunisation Fellow)
Ngày: Tháng Chín 20, 2022
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Quý vị không nên coi thông tin tại trang mạng này là lời khuyên y tế chuyên nghiệp, cụ thể cho sức khỏe của riêng mình hoặc sức khỏe riêng của gia đình quý vị. Đối với những mối lo ngại về y tế, bao gồm các quyết định về chủng ngừa, thuốc men và các phương pháp điều trị khác, quý vị phải luôn hỏi ý kiến chuyên gia y tế.
Bệnh bại liệt
Cúm là gì?
Bệnh bại liệt (bại liệt) là do nhiễm trùng đường tiêu hóa (ruột) với một trong 3 loại vi rút bại liệt (serotype 1, 2 hoặc 3). Poliovirus là RNA enterovirus từ Picornaviridae gia đình.
Once an individual is infected, the poliovirus replicates in the gut and enters the bloodstream via lymphoid tissue where it can then cause symptoms in the central nervous system.
Cần để ý những gì
Approximately 70% of polio infections are asymptomatic or present as a non-specific febrile illness. In symptomatic cases an individual may experience fever, headache, gastrointestinal disturbance (nausea and vomiting) or malaise. In severe infections muscle pain and stiffness of the neck and back can occur.
Paralysis typically presents asymmetrically and can be life threatening when the respiratory and swallowing muscles are affected. The extent of paralysis is usually seen within 3-4 days of symptom onset and any existing paralysis present after 60 days is likely to be permanent. It is estimated that flaccid paralysis occurs in less than 1 percent of all polio cases.
A recurrence of muscle weakness in the years after an initial polio infection is known as post-polio syndrome. It is attributed to a progressive loss or dysfunction of motor neurons as opposed to a persistent or reactivated infection.
Bệnh lây truyền qua đường nào
Wild polio is transmitted through contact with the faeces or saliva of an infected person and is most often associated with conditions of poor sanitation.
The incubation period of polio is 3-35 days, with a person infectious during the 7-10 days prior to the onset of symptoms. Following acute infection, a person can continue to excrete the polio virus for up to 6 weeks in their faeces, or 2 weeks in saliva.
Dịch tễ học
Polio infection predominantly occurs in children with the greatest burden of disease affecting those less than 5 years of age (80-90% of cases).
Global vaccination programs and high rates of immunisation have shown great success with the near eradication of wild polio worldwide. A total of 350,000 infections were reported in 1988 across 125 countries and in 2021 this was reduced down to 6 reported cases across countries including Pakistan and Afghanistan. The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly impacted these vaccination programs and since 2022 a resurgence of case across many countries (including the United States and the UK) have been reported, largely in pockets of unimmunised communities.
Phòng ngừa
Vaccination remains the most effective measure in disease prevention with protection available in Australia through the administration of a course of inactivated vaccines. Polio vaccination is funded on the National Immunisation Program (NIP) as a combination vaccine for children at:
- 6 weeks, 4 months and 6 months – Infanrix® hexa/Vaxelis®
- 4 years – Infanrix® IPV/Quadracel®
Individuals who missed a dose or who have an incomplete vaccine history should be offered immunisation to ensure that they are protected. Catch up vaccines are funded for some individuals.
Completing a primary course of vaccination generally provides life-long protection and booster doses are not routinely indicated for the broader population. However, they may be indicated for travellers visiting countries with known cases of polio.
Các biện pháp phòng ngừa
The oral live-attenuated polio vaccine is no longer available in Australia due to the potential low risk (1 case per 2.4 million doses) of Vaccine Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis (VAPP), also known as Vaccine Derived Poliovirus (VDPV). Following receipt of the oral polio vaccine some of the vaccine virus may be shed in a person’s faeces for up to 6 weeks. In areas of low vaccine coverage this has the potential to cause disease in an unvaccinated individual.
Tài liệu
- Australian Immunisation Handbook: Poliomyelitis
- CDC: Vaccines and Preventable Diseases – Vaccine Derived Poliovirus
- The Blue Book: Guidelines for the control of infectious diseases
- Bộ Y tế và Chăm sóc Người cao tuổi của Chính phủ Úc: Những thay đổi đối với lịch trình của Chương trình Tiêm chủng Quốc gia từ ngày 1 tháng 7 năm 2023
Các tác giả: Rachael McGuire (Điều phối viên y tá giáo dục MVEC)
Được xem xét bởi: Rachael McGuire (Điều Phối Viên Y Tá Giáo Dục MVEC)
Ngày: Tháng Bảy 4, 2023
Tài liệu trong phần này được cập nhật khi có thông tin mới và có vắc-xin. Nhân viên của Trung Tâm Giáo Dục Vắc-xin Melbourne (MVEC) thường xuyên xem xét độ chính xác của các tài liệu.
Quý vị không nên coi thông tin tại trang mạng này là lời khuyên y tế chuyên nghiệp, cụ thể cho sức khỏe của riêng mình hoặc sức khỏe riêng của gia đình quý vị. Đối với những mối lo ngại về y tế, bao gồm các quyết định về chủng ngừa, thuốc men và các phương pháp điều trị khác, quý vị phải luôn hỏi ý kiến chuyên gia y tế.
phế cầu khuẩn
Cúm là gì?
Pneumococcal disease is caused by infection with the bacteria Phế cầu khuẩn (pneumococcus), which can live in the nose and throat (nasopharynx). In most cases it is considered part of the normal flora and generally does not cause illness or disease. However, in some cases the bacteria may grow and spread to other parts of the body that would normally be sterile, causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), severe infections and complications. The bacteria can also cause non-invasive pneumococcal disease (non-IPD), for example, conjunctivitis and pneumonia.
There are more than 95 different recognised serotypes of Phế cầu khuẩn that have a distinct polysaccharide capsule (encapsulated strains). The capsule protects the bacteria from being easily destroyed by the body’s immune system. Encapsulated strains are almost exclusively the cause of IPD. Non-encapsulated strains can also cause IPD; however, this is more likely in immunocompromised individuals.
Cần để ý những gì
The incubation period of pneumococcal disease is 1 to 3 days.
Symptoms will vary depending on the site of infection and can include:
- sốt
- headaches and sinus pain
- earache
- cough and coryza (runny nose).
Clinical signs and symptoms of pneumococcal disease cannot be distinguished from other bacterial infections without laboratory testing.
Pneumococcal infection can lead to sinusitis, otitis media (ear infections) and pneumonia (lung infections). Sometimes infection can result in meningitis (inflammation of the tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord), pneumonia with empyema (pus collection), septicaemia (blood infection), osteomyelitis (bone infection) and joint infections. IPD can have long-term consequences, such as hearing loss, kidney failure, loss of limbs or intellectual disability.
Bệnh lây truyền qua đường nào
Pneumococcal is spread by direct contact with the respiratory droplets (e.g. saliva or mucus) produced from coughing or sneezing, for example. Contact with contaminated items such as tissues can also be a source of infection.
Pneumococcal bacteria can live harmlessly at the back of the nose or throat (asymptomatic nasopharyngeal colonisation). This means individuals can be asymptomatic carriers and may transmit the bacteria to others without knowing. Between 20–40% of children and 5–10% of adults are asymptomatic carriers of pneumococcal bacteria. Whether the presence of pneumococcal bacteria leads to IPD depends on the virulence of the specific serotype and the individual’s immune response.
The infectious period is presumed to last until secretions no longer contain the bacteria in significant numbers, or for 24 to 48 hours after commencing antibiotics. Note that some strains of pneumococci bacteria are resistant to antibiotics.
Dịch tễ học
Pneumococcal disease is a leading cause of serious illness and death among Australian children under 2 years of age and older people. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in central Australia have the highest reported rates of IPD worldwide.
The introduction of vaccines has led to large decreases in pneumococcal disease incidence. Despite this, the global burden remains significant; it is estimated that around one million people die from pneumococcal disease worldwide every year. Much of the IPD burden results from serotypes not targeted by current vaccines.
Immunocompromised individuals, (such as people with functional asplenia or people taking immunosuppressant medications) and individuals with congenital heart disease, are at the highest risk of IPD. A full list of at-risk conditions can be found in The Australia Immunisation Handbook: Risk conditions for Pneumococcal Disease.
Prevention
There are two pneumococcal vaccines currently available on the National Immunisation Program (NIP) in Australia:
- Prevenar 13 is a conjugate vaccine (13vPCV), providing protection against 13 different serotypes of pneumococcal (1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, 23F). It is available on the NIP for individuals 6 weeks of age and older
- Pneumovax 23 is a polysaccharide vaccine (23vPPV), providing protection against 23 serotypes of pneumococcal (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F and 33F). It is available on the NIP as an additional recommendation for individuals over 4 years who are at increased risk of IPD (it is not recommended for those under 2 years due to poor immunogenicity in this population).
Both these vaccines are administered intramuscularly.
Risk category | Tuổi | Vaccine brand, dose and route | |
Prevenar 13 (13vPCV) 0.5 mL TÔI | Pneumovax 23 (23vPPV) 0.5 mL TÔI | ||
< 6 weeks | |||
NO medical risk condition includes Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children living in ACT, NSW, Tas and Vic | ≥ 6 weeks – 12 months | 6 weeks, 4 months and 12 months § | |
Infants and children WITH a medical risk condition, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in NT, Qld, SA and WA | ≥ 6 weeks – < 12 months | 6 weeks and 4 months Và additional dose at 6 months or at time of diagnosis (minimum 8 weeks after last dose) § | |
≥ 12 tháng | 6 weeks, 4 and 12 months Và additional dose at time of diagnosis (minimum 8 weeks after last dose) §Ω^ | 2 liều 1st dose at 4 years (can be given from 2 years) 2nd dose ≥ 5 years after 1st dose Σβ | |
All adults WITH a medical risk condition | Bất kỳ độ tuổi | 1 dose at time of diagnosis Ω^ | 2 doses, minimum of 5 years apart Σβ |
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults with NO medical risk condition | ≥ 50 years | 1 liều ^ | 2 doses, minimum of 5 years apart Σβ |
Non-Indigenous adults with NO medical risk condition | ≥ 70 years | 1 liều | - |
§ If under 5 years and not up to date with NIP recommendations, refer to Sổ tay Chủng ngừa Úc for 13vPCV catch up advice
Ω No more than 4 lifetime doses of 13vPCV
^ If 23vPPV is inadvertently given prior to required dose of 13vPCV, wait 12 months before administering 13vPCV
Σ No more that 2 lifetime doses of 23vPPV
β 23vPPV must be minimum of 8 weeks after last dose of 13vPCV.
Grey shaded boxes not registered for use in this age group.
Phối hợp với các loại vắc-xin khác
phế cầu khuẩn vaccines can be co-administered with other vaccines on the NIP.
Tác dụng phụ của vắc-xin
Common side effects after receiving a pneumococcal vaccine include fever, irritability, lethargy, injection site reactions (ISRs) and body aches.
In children, ISRs are commonly reported as occurring within 24 to 48 hours following immunisation. In adults, Prevenar 13 is associated with delayed-onset ISRs (occurring more than 3 days after vaccination), particularly in those who have previously received Pneumovax 23.
ISRs are not a sign of allergy or local infection. Therefore, antihistamines, steroids or antibiotics are not required.
A history of ISRs following previous pneumococcal vaccines is not a contraindication to further doses.
Refer to the MVEC: Phản ứng tại chỗ tiêm reference page for further information.
Tài liệu
- Cẩm nang Chủng ngừa Úc: Bệnh phế cầu khuẩn
- Cẩm nang Chủng ngừa Úc: Danh sách. Điều kiện nguy cơ mắc bệnh phế cầu khuẩn
- MVEC: Catch-up immunisations
- Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics: Coadministration of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate and quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in adults previously immunized with polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine 23: a randomized clinical trial
Các tác giả: Mel Addison (Y tá nghiên cứu SAEFVIC, Viện nghiên cứu trẻ em Murdoch), Georgina Lewis (Giám đốc lâm sàng SAEFVIC, Viện nghiên cứu trẻ em Murdoch), Rachael McGuire (Điều phối viên y tá giáo dục MVEC), Teresa Lazzaro (Bác sĩ nhi khoa, Bệnh viện nhi Hoàng gia)
Đượcxem xét bởi: Katie Butler (MVEC Education Nurse Coordinator) and Rachael McGuire (MVEC Education Nurse Coordinator)
Ngày: February 2024
Tài liệu trong phần này được cập nhật khi có thông tin mới và có vắc-xin. Nhân viên của Trung Tâm Giáo Dục Vắc-xin Melbourne (MVEC) thường xuyên xem xét độ chính xác của các tài liệu.
You should not consider the information on this site to be specific, professional medical advice for your personal health or for your family’s personal health. For medical concerns, including decisions about vaccinations, medications and other treatments, you should always consult a healthcare professional.
Dược sĩ tiêm chủng
Lý lịch
Pharmacist immunisers are registered pharmacists who have completed additional training that allows them to administer approved vaccines to specified patient groups. This improves vaccine accessibility for the community which is particularly important to limit the spread of vaccine preventable diseases.
Pharmacist immuniser requirements
In addition to completing an immunisation program recognised by the Chief Health Officer, pharmacist immunisers are required to display their certificate of completing said training, hold current First Aid and CPR certificates, and ensure that another suitably qualified staff member is on site when immunising in pharmacy settings. Completion of further training modules are required prior to administering some vaccines (COVID-19, monkeypox and Japanese encephalitis)
Pharmacist immunisers are bound by the policies and procedures of their local jurisdiction. For more information on requirements of pharmacists in Victoria, refer to the Victorian Pharmacist-Administered Vaccination Program Guidelines.
Which vaccines can pharmacist immunisers administer in Victoria?
In Victoria, pharmacist immunisers are authorised to administer the following vaccines:
- cúm vaccines to those aged ≥ 5 years
- bạch hầu– uốn ván–ho gà vaccines to those aged ≥ 12 years
- bệnh sởi-mumps-rubella vaccines to those aged ≥ 15 years
- não mô cầu ACWY vaccines to those aged ≥ 15 years
- COVID-19 vaccines under a time limited approval
- u nhú ở người vaccines to those aged ≥ 12 years
- phế cầu khuẩn vaccines to those ≥ 50 years
- herpes zoster vaccines to those ≥ 50 years
- mpox vaccines to eligible individuals aged ≥ 5 years
- Bệnh viêm não Nhật Bản vaccines to eligible individuals aged ≥ 5 years.
Tài liệu
Pharmacist Immuniser Training Programs
- Pharmaceutical Society of Australia: Manage the delivery and administration of injections and immunisations- Victoria
- Pharmacy Guild of Australia, Victoria: Delivering immunisation in a community pharmacy setting
Các nguồn lực khác
- DHHS: Pharmacist immunisers
- DHHS: Pharmacist-administered vaccination services
- Victorian COVID-19 Vaccination Guidelines
- Victorian Pharmacist-Administered Vaccination Program Guidelines
Các tác giả: Rachael McGuire (SAEFVIC Research Nurse, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute), Annie Cobbledick (Immunisation Pharmacist, The Royal Children’s Hospital), Nigel Crawford (Director SAEFVIC, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute), Helen Pitcher (Immunisation Section, Department of Health and Human Services) and Linny Nguy (Immunisation Section, Department of Health and Human Services)
Được xem xét bởi: Rachael McGuire (Điều Phối Viên Y Tá Giáo Dục MVEC)
Ngày: Tháng Một 30, 2023
Tài liệu trong phần này được cập nhật khi có thông tin mới và có vắc-xin. Nhân viên của Trung Tâm Giáo Dục Vắc-xin Melbourne (MVEC) thường xuyên xem xét độ chính xác của các tài liệu.
Quý vị không nên coi thông tin trong trang web này là tư vấn y tế chuyên nghiệp, cụ thể cho sức khỏe cá nhân của quý vị hay của gia đình quý vị. Đối với các lo ngại về y tế, bao gồm các quyết định về chủng ngừa, thuốc men và các phương pháp điều trị khác, quý vị luôn phải tham khảo ý kiến của chuyên viên chăm sóc sức khỏe.
Gelatin lợn và vắc-xin
A number of families and health care providers may wonder if immunisations are permitted based on religious beliefs, given the presence of gelatin derived from pork in some vaccines.
Leaders of the Jewish faith have declared that pork derived additives in medicines are permitted for those observant of the Jewish faith. Rabbi Abraham Adler, from the Kashrus and Medicines Information Service in the United Kingdom has advised:
“It should be noted that according to Jewish laws, there is no problem with porcine or other animal derived ingredients in non-oral products. This includes vaccines, injections, suppositories, creams and ointments”
Scholars of the Islamic Organization for Medical Sciences have also determined that the process by which the original pork product is transformed into gluten, alters it enough whereby it is permitted for observers of Muslim faith to receive vaccines. A 2001 letter from the World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean reported:
“the gelatin formed as a result of the transformation of the bones, skin, and tendons of a judicially impure animal is pure, and it is judicially permissible to eat”
Grand Mufti of Australia has also released supportive statements noting that the use of vaccines containing gelatin derived from pork is permitted for observant Muslims.
Seventh-Day Adventists are not forbidden to use pork derivatives in medical products.
If there are any queries regarding porcine products in vaccines please contact [email protected]
Tài liệu
- Australian Government Department of Health: Questions about vaccination
- Institute for Vaccine Safety: Religious leaders approval of use of vaccines containing porcine gelatin
- NCIRS: Vaccine components fact sheet
Các tác giả: Rachael McGuire (SAEFVIC Research Nurse, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute), Nigel Crawford (Director, SAEFVIC, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute) and Georgie Lewis (SAEFVIC Clinical Manager, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute)
Ngày: February 2019
Tài liệu trong phần này được cập nhật khi có thông tin mới và có vắc-xin. Nhân viên của Trung Tâm Giáo Dục Vắc-xin Melbourne (MVEC) thường xuyên xem xét độ chính xác của các tài liệu.
Quý vị không nên coi thông tin trong trang web này là tư vấn y tế chuyên nghiệp, cụ thể cho sức khỏe cá nhân của quý vị hay của gia đình quý vị. Đối với các lo ngại về y tế, bao gồm các quyết định về chủng ngừa, thuốc men và các phương pháp điều trị khác, quý vị luôn phải tham khảo ý kiến của chuyên viên chăm sóc sức khỏe.
Tiêm chủng cho trẻ sinh non
Prematurity, particularly extreme prematurity (< 28-weeks gestation) and low birth weight infants often have associated chronic (special risk) medical conditions. This can be associated with prolonged hospitalisation and frequent clinic visits. These are some of the reasons premature infants are at a greater risk of vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) and their complications. Preterm infants may also not respond as well to some vaccines (e.g. Hepatitis B).
khuyến nghị tiêm chủng
Infants should be immunised according to the recommended immunisation schedule based on their chronological age as opposed to their corrected age. This is because it is important to minimise the window preterm infants are not protected from VPDs. Specific special risk medical conditions, as well as birth weight need to be taken into account as extra vaccines may be required .
It should be noted that the Rotavirus immunisation must be given within a strict time frame, with the first dose required before turning 15-weeks (chronological age) and the second dose before 25-weeks of age.
Additional vaccines recommended:
< 28-weeks gestation
vắc xin phế cầu khuẩn
- Infants born at < 28-weeks gestation are recommended to receive 4 doses of 13vPCV and 2 doses of 23vPPV
- 13vPCV in a 4-dose schedule at 2, 4, 6 and 12-months of age (the first dose may be given as early as 6-weeks of age)
- 2 doses of 23vPPV; 1 dose at 4-years of age and another dose at least 5 years later
< 32-weeks gestation and/or < 2000g birth weight
Bệnh viêm gan B
- Hepatitis B vaccine should be given at 12-months of age
Additional risk condition vaccine recommendations
- Influenza vaccine should be given annually from 6 months of age
- Meningococcal vaccines (MenB and MenACWY) are now funded under the NIP for people of all ages with medical conditions associated with the highest risk of invasive meningococcal disease
Tài nguyên:
- ATAGI Clinical advice on changes to recommendations for pneumococcal vaccines from 1 July 2020
- ATAGI Clinical advice on vaccination recommendations for people with risk conditions from 1 July 2020
Địa chỉ liên hệ hộ gia đình
It is recommended that family members of premature infants be fully up to date with their immunisations including influenza and pertussis boosters. This concept of ‘cocooning’ will help protect vulnerable preterm infants from VPDs.
The whooping cough (pertussis) vaccine is free and recommended for pregnant women and can be given anytime between 20-32 weeks of each pregnancy. It should be given as early as possible (from 20 weeks) to women who have been identified as being at high risk of early delivery to protect baby in the first months of life when they are too young to be vaccinated.
Influenza vaccination in pregnancy is safe and strongly recommended in avoiding complications of influenza disease. It can be administered at any stage of pregnancy and not only aims to protect the expectant mother from disease, but also to provide protection to the infant once born. Babies less than 6-months of age are at greatest risk of disease and death from influenza and maternal vaccination will provide protection to babies for the first few months of life until they can be immunised against influenza from 6-months of age.
Tài liệu
- MVEC: Khuyến nghị vắc-xin cúm
- MVEC: Vi-rút Rota
- MVEC: Chủng ngừa bà mẹ trong thời gian mang thai
- Ordering Preterm infant stickers for child healthcare books
- MVEC: Special risk chapter of the Australian Immunisation Handbook
Các tác giả: Nigel Crawford (Giám Đốc SAEFVIC, Viện Nghiên Cứu Trẻ Em Murdoch) và Rachael McGuire (Y Tá Nghiên Cứu SAEFVIC, Viện Nghiên Cứu Trẻ Em Murdoch)
Đượcxem xét bởi: Francesca Machingaifa (SAEFVIC Research Nurse, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute) and Georgina Lewis (Clinical Manager SAEFVIC, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute)
Ngày: tháng 7 năm 2020
Tài liệu trong phần này được cập nhật khi có thông tin mới và có vắc-xin. Nhân viên của Trung Tâm Giáo Dục Vắc-xin Melbourne (MVEC) thường xuyên xem xét độ chính xác của các tài liệu.
Quý vị không nên coi thông tin trong trang web này là tư vấn y tế chuyên nghiệp, cụ thể cho sức khỏe cá nhân của quý vị hay của gia đình quý vị. Đối với các lo ngại về y tế, bao gồm các quyết định về chủng ngừa, thuốc men và các phương pháp điều trị khác, quý vị luôn phải tham khảo ý kiến của chuyên viên chăm sóc sức khỏe.
Dịch vụ Ung thư Tích hợp Nhi khoa (PICS): Tài nguyên tiêm chủng
Các Dịch vụ tổng hợp ung thư nhi khoa (PICS) is a statewide initiative supported by Cancer Australia, with guidelines endorsed by the Australian and New Zealand Childrens Haemotology/Oncology Group (ANZHOG).
The PICS immunisation resources detail vaccines to consider during cancer therapy [e.g. influenza (flu)], as well as highlighting the vaccines that are required after completion of chemotherapy. These resources cross-link with the MVEC Cancer immunisation guidelines (see Resources below).
The PICS Immunisation information sheets have been translated into a number of different languages.
Tài liệu
- Paediatric Integrated Cancer Service (PICS): Immunisation Resources
- MVEC: Cancer immunisation guideline- chemotherapy and post haematopoietic stem cell transplant
Tác giả: Nigel Crawford (Giám đốc, SAEFVIC, Viện Nghiên cứu Trẻ em Murdoch)
Ngày: tháng 2 năm 2018
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ho gà
Cúm là gì?
Pertussis (whooping cough) is a highly contagious, respiratory disease caused by an infection with the bacterium Bordetella ho gà. The bacteria attach to the cilia (tiny, hair-like structures) that line the upper respiratory system. The bacteria release toxins, which damage the cilia and cause airways to swell. Pertussis infection is usually more serious in infants under 6 tháng, but it can affect people of any age.
Cần để ý những gì
Symptoms begin 6 to 20 days after exposure and initially include rhinorrhoea (runny nose), malaise and a non-specific cough (the catarrhal phase). Approximately one week later, periods of coughing increase with intensity (the paroxysmal phase). A characteristic deep gasp (or “whoop”) may be heard on inspiration, but this is not present in all infections.
During or just following an episode of paroxysmal coughing, babies may have a period of apnoea where they stop breathing for a short period. This may be associated with some colour changes where their skin may appear blue or dusky, especially around the mouth.
Complications of pertussis in infants can include vomiting and difficulty feeding due to prolonged paroxysmal coughing episodes. Rare complications of pertussis in infants include pneumonia and encephalitis, which can be fatal. Complications in older children and adults can include fainting episodes, sleeplessness and rib fractures due to paroxysmal coughing episodes.
Bệnh lây truyền qua đường nào
Transmission of pertussis is through the inhalation of infected respiratory secretions that have been made airborne by coughing, sneezing and speaking. Pertussis is highly contagious, with one infected individual likely to transmit infection to 70–100% of their household members. Some people with mild symptoms of pertussis may be unaware they are infected, but can still spread the bacteria to others. Humans are the only known reservoir for pertussis.
The incubation period is 1 to 3 weeks. Without treatment, people with pertussis are considered infectious just prior to symptom onset and for 21 days thereafter. The infectious period is reduced to 5 days if a course of targeted antibiotics is completed.
Dịch tễ học
Australia has historically experienced pertussis epidemics every 3 to 4 years. There is a seasonal pattern to pertussis infections with most cases reported in the spring and summer months.
Infants under 6 months of age have the highest rates of hospitalisation and death from pertussis infection. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children under 5 years have higher rates of pertussis infection and hospitalisation compared with non-Indigenous children of the same age.
With the introduction of the maternal pertussis vaccination program in 2015, there has been a significant reduction in young infants infected with pertussis and a substantial reduction in both morbidity and mortality associated with infection. In Australia, the incidence of pertussis infections in all age groups has continued to decline. Between 2016 and 2018, infants under 2 months of age had the lowest incidence of disease, and children aged 9 to 11 years had the highest incidence of disease.
Phòng ngừa
Vaccination against Bordetella ho gà is the most effective public health measure for the prevention of pertussis for both vaccine recipients (direct effect), and among unimmunised populations (indirect ‘herd’ effect). Vaccination of có thai people Mộtlso provideS short-term, passive protection to infants through the transplacental transfer of antibodies.
Pertussis vaccination is only available in Australia in combination with diphtheria and tetanus. Vaccines may also include protection against poliomyelitis, hepatitis B and haemophilus influenzae type B.
The pertussis vaccines available in Australia are acellular, meaning they are made using pertussis toxin and/or components of pertussis bacterium. In contrast, whole-cell pertussis vaccines are first generation pertussis vaccines that are made using an entire bacterium that has been inactivated. While whole cell pertussis vaccines are still available internationally, they were phased out in Australia in 1997, in favour of acellular pertussis vaccines.
khóa học chính
As per the National Immunisation Program (NIP), a primary course of pertussis vaccination is given at 6 weeks, 4 months, and 6 months of age (Infanrix hexa/Vaxelis).
tên lửa đẩy
Booster doses are scheduled to be administered at:
- 18 months (Infanrix/Tripacel)
- 4 years (Infanrix-IPV/Quadracel)
- 12 to 13 years of age/Year 7 high school program (Boostrix/Adacel)
- Pregnant people at 20–32 weeks gestation (every pregnancy, regardless of how closely spaced).
In addition, pertussis vaccination is recommended (but not funded) for:
- Cha mẹ/người giám hộ của trẻ dưới 6 tháng tuổi (nếu họ chưa tiêm một liều nào trong 10 năm qua)
- Adults aged 65 years and older who have not received a pertussis-containing vaccine in the last 10 years
- Any adult who wishes to be protected against pertussis infection who has not received a dose in the last 10 years (including healthcare workers, travellers, and early childhood educators and carers).
Nhóm tuổi | Vaccine brand, antigen, dose and route | ||||
Infanrix hexa/Vaxelis (DTPa, hep B, Hib, polio) 0.5 mL TÔI | Infanrix/Tripacel (DTPa) 0.5 mL TÔI | Infanrix-IPV/ Quadracel (DTPa, polio) 0.5 mL TÔI | Boostrix/Adacel (dTpa) 0.5 mL TÔI | Boostrix IPV/ Adacel Polio (dTpa, polio) 0.5 mL TÔI | |
6 weeks | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
< 10 years | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
≥ 10 years | * | ✓ | ✓ |
Grey shaded boxes – Not routinely recommended for use in this age group.
* ATAGI recommends the use of Infanrix hexa Và Vaxelis in children aged < 10 years. However, the Royal Children’s Hospital (RCH) preferentially uses them up to < 18 years in instances where multiple vaccines are required (e.g. catch up, post chemotherapy/post HSCT).
Tác dụng phụ của vắc-xin
Common side effects from pertussis vaccination include phản ứng tại chỗ tiêm, fever, lethargy, headache and irritability in infants and young children. Rare side effects include allergic reaction and hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode (HHE) in infants. There has been a decrease in the incidence of HHE following the change from whole-cell pertussis to acellular pertussis vaccines on the NIP.
Tài liệu
- Better Health Channel: Whooping cough
- Cẩm nang Tiêm chủng Úc: Chương bệnh ho gà
- MVEC: Tiêm chủng cho bà mẹ khi mang thai
- RCH: Kids health info fact sheet
- The Immunisation Foundation of Australia
- The Raising Children Net Whooping Cough Guide
- National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS)
- Australian vaccine preventable disease epidemiological review series: Pertussis, 2013-2018
- RCH: Clinical Practice Guideline Whooping cough
Các tác giả: Mel Addison (Y tá nghiên cứu SAEFVIC, Viện nghiên cứu trẻ em Murdoch), Rachael McGuire (Y tá nghiên cứu SAEFVIC, Viện nghiên cứu trẻ em Murdoch)
Đượcxem xét bởi: Rachael McGuire (Điều phối viên y tá giáo dục) and Katie Butler (MVEC Education Nurse Coordinator)
Ngày: October 2023
Tài liệu trong phần này được cập nhật khi có thông tin mới và có vắc-xin. Nhân viên của Trung Tâm Giáo Dục Vắc-xin Melbourne (MVEC) thường xuyên xem xét độ chính xác của các tài liệu.
You should not consider the information on this site to be specific, professional medical advice for your personal health or for your family’s personal health. For medical concerns, including decisions about vaccinations, medications and other treatments, you should always consult a healthcare professional.